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                <h4 id="一、了解Python"><a href="#一、了解Python" class="headerlink" title="一、了解Python"></a>一、了解Python</h4><p>Python是一种解释型（这意味着开发过程中没有了编译这个环节）、面向对象（支持面向对象的风格或代码封装在对象的编程技术）、动态数据类型的交互式（可在命令行中通过Python提示符及直接代码执行程序）高级程序设计语言。</p>
<h4 id="二、特点"><a href="#二、特点" class="headerlink" title="二、特点"></a>二、特点</h4><p>简单易学、免费开源、高级编程语言、移植性强、解释型程序语言、可嵌入性、丰富的套件。</p>
<h4 id="三、标识符与保留字"><a href="#三、标识符与保留字" class="headerlink" title="三、标识符与保留字"></a>三、标识符与保留字</h4><ul>
<li><p><strong>标识符</strong> 由字母、数字、下划线组成，但不能以数字开头，且区分大小写。</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>保留字</strong> 只包含小写字母，不能作为标识符</p>
</li>
</ul>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>and</th>
<th>exec</th>
<th>not</th>
<th>assert</th>
<th>finally</th>
<th>or</th>
<th>break</th>
<th>for</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>pass</td>
<td>class</td>
<td>from</td>
<td>print</td>
<td>continue</td>
<td>global</td>
<td>raise</td>
<td>def</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>if</td>
<td>return</td>
<td>del</td>
<td>import</td>
<td>try</td>
<td>elif</td>
<td>in</td>
<td>while</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>else</td>
<td>is</td>
<td>with</td>
<td>except</td>
<td>lambda</td>
<td>yield</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul>
<li><strong>以下划线开头的标识符</strong> 是有特殊意义的。以单下划线开头 _foo 的代表不能直接访问的类属性，需通过类提供的接口进行访问，不能用 from xxx import * 而导入；</li>
<li><strong>以双下划线开头</strong> 的 __foo 代表类的私有成员；</li>
<li><strong>以双下划线开头和结尾</strong> 的_<em>foo__ 代表 Python 里特殊方法专用的标识，如_<em>init</em></em>() 代表类的构造函数。</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="四、缩进与多行语句写法"><a href="#四、缩进与多行语句写法" class="headerlink" title="四、缩进与多行语句写法"></a>四、缩进与多行语句写法</h4><h6 id="缩进"><a href="#缩进" class="headerlink" title="缩进"></a>缩进</h6><ul>
<li>python中 <strong>四个空格</strong> 为一个缩进</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>Python中的缩进要求非常严格，必须严格对齐。因为Python的代码块不由{}控制，而是由缩进就可以控制。</p>
</blockquote>
<h6 id="多行语句分割"><a href="#多行语句分割" class="headerlink" title="多行语句分割"></a>多行语句分割</h6><ul>
<li>使用斜杠（ \）将一行的语句分为多行显示，如下所示：当然，使用各类括号括起语句之后不需要斜杠换行。</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">total = item_one + \

    item_two + \

    item_three<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h6 id="多行语句写在一行"><a href="#多行语句写在一行" class="headerlink" title="多行语句写在一行"></a>多行语句写在一行</h6><ul>
<li>Python 可以同一行 <strong>显示多条语句</strong>，方法是用分号 ; 分开。</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="多行内容输出"><a href="#多行内容输出" class="headerlink" title="多行内容输出"></a>多行内容输出</h6><ul>
<li>英文三个双引号用在等式中也可以写多行文本，直接使用和三个单引号作用一样，可以做多行注释。</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">print('''hello1
hello2
hello3
''')<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h4 id="五、注释"><a href="#五、注释" class="headerlink" title="五、注释"></a>五、注释</h4><ul>
<li>单行注释用  #</li>
<li>多行注释用  ‘’‘   ’‘’</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="六、内置函数"><a href="#六、内置函数" class="headerlink" title="六、内置函数"></a>六、内置函数</h4><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>函数</th>
<th>描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td><code>abs</code>(<em>x</em>)</td>
<td>返回一个数的绝对值</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>all</code>(<em>iterable</em>)</td>
<td>如果 <em>iterable</em> 的所有元素均为真值（或可迭代对象为空）则返回 <code>True</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>any</code>(<em>iterable</em>)</td>
<td>如果 <em>iterable</em> 的任一元素为真值则返回 <code>True</code>。 如果可迭代对象为空，返回 <code>False</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ascii</code>(<em>object</em>)</td>
<td>就像函数 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3.8/library/functions.html#repr"><code>repr()</code></a>，返回一个对象可打印的字符串，但是 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3.8/library/functions.html#repr"><code>repr()</code></a> 返回的字符串中非 ASCII 编码的字符，会使用 <code>\x</code>、<code>\u</code> 和 <code>\U</code> 来转义</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>bin</code>(<em>x</em>)</td>
<td>将一个整数转变为一个前缀为“0b”的二进制字符串</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>bool(x)</td>
<td>将x解读为一个布尔值，True或者False</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>breakpoint</code>(*args, **kws)</td>
<td>此函数会在调用时将你陷入调试器中</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>bytearry([<em>source</em>[, <em>encoding</em>[, <em>errors</em>]]])</td>
<td>返回一个新的 bytes 数组</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>bytes</code>([<em>source</em>[, <em>encoding</em>[, <em>errors</em>]]])</td>
<td>返回一个新的“bytes”对象， 是一个不可变序列，包含范围为 <code>0 &lt;= x &lt; 256</code> 的整数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>callable</code>(<em>object</em>)</td>
<td>如果参数 <em>object</em> 是可调用的就返回 <code>True</code>，否则返回 False</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>chr</strong>(<em>i</em>)</td>
<td>返回 Unicode 码位为整数 <em>i</em> 的字符的字符串格式</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>@classmethod(func)</td>
<td>把一个方法封装成类方法。(这种形式叫装饰器)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>compile()</td>
<td>函数将一个字符串编译为字节代码。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>complex()</td>
<td>函数用于创建一个值为 real + imag * j 的复数或者转化一个字符串或数为复数。如果第一个参数为字符串，则不需要指定第二个参数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>delattr(<em>object</em>, name)</td>
<td>删除指定对象的指定属性</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>dict()</strong></td>
<td>函数用于创建一个字典。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>dir()</td>
<td>列出当前可用作用域中的大部分命令，或者列出指定对象的属性</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>divmod()</td>
<td>函数接收两个数字类型（非复数）参数，返回一个包含商和余数的元组(a // b, a % b)。在 python 3.x 版本该函数不支持复数。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>enumerate</strong>()</td>
<td>函数用于将一个可遍历的数据对象(如列表、元组或字符串)组合为一个索引序列，同时列出数据和数据下标，一般用在 for 循环当中。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>eval()</td>
<td>函数用来执行一个字符串表达式，并返回表达式的值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>exec()</td>
<td>执行储存在字符串或文件中的 Python 语句，相比于 eval，exec可以执行更复杂的 Python 代码</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>filter</strong>()</td>
<td>函数用于过滤序列，过滤掉不符合条件的元素，返回一个迭代器对象，如果要转换为列表，可以使用 <strong>list()</strong> 来转换。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>float</strong>()</td>
<td>函数用于将整数和字符串转换成浮点数。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>format</strong>()</td>
<td>Python2.6 开始，新增了一种格式化字符串的函数 <strong>str.format()**，它增强了字符串格式化的功能。基本语法是通过 **{}</strong> 和 <strong>:</strong> 来代替以前的 <strong>%</strong> 。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>frozenset()</td>
<td>返回一个冻结的集合，冻结后集合不能再添加或删除任何元素。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>getattr()</td>
<td>函数用于返回一个对象属性值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>globals</strong>()</td>
<td>函数会以字典类型返回当前位置的全部全局变量。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>hasattr()</td>
<td>函数用于判断对象是否包含对应的属性。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>hash()</td>
<td>用于获取取一个对象（字符串或者数值等）的哈希值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>help</strong>()</td>
<td>函数用于查看函数或模块用途的详细说明。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>hex()</td>
<td>函数用于将一个指定数字转换为 16 进制数。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>id</strong>()</td>
<td>函数用于获取对象的内存地址。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>input</strong>()</td>
<td>Python3.x 中 input() 函数接受一个标准输入数据，返回为 string 类型。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>int</strong>()</td>
<td>函数用于将一个字符串或数字转换为整型。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>isinstance()</td>
<td>函数来判断一个对象是否是一个已知的类型，类似 type()。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>issubclass()</td>
<td>方法用于判断参数 class 是否是类型参数 classinfo 的子类。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>iter()</td>
<td>函数用来生成迭代器。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>len</strong>()</td>
<td>方法返回对象（字符、列表、元组等）长度或项目个数。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>list</strong>()</td>
<td>方法用于将元组或字符串转换为列表。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>locals()</td>
<td>函数会以字典类型返回当前位置的全部局部变量。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>map()</td>
<td>会根据提供的函数对指定序列做映射。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>max</strong>()</td>
<td>方法返回给定参数的最大值，参数可以为序列。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>memoryview()</td>
<td>函数返回给定参数的内存查看对象(Momory view)。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>min()</td>
<td>方法返回给定参数的最小值，参数可以为序列。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>next()</td>
<td>返回迭代器的下一个项目。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>object()</td>
<td>返回一个object实例：object是所有新式类的基类</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>oct()</td>
<td>函数将一个整数转换成8进制字符串。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>open</strong>()</td>
<td>用于打开一个文件，并返回文件对象，在对文件进行处理过程都需要使用到这个函数，如果该文件无法被打开，会抛出 OSError</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ord()</td>
<td>ord() 函数是 chr() 函数（对于 8 位的 ASCII 字符串）的配对函数，它以一个字符串（Unicode 字符）作为参数，返回对应的 ASCII 数值，或者 Unicode 数值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>pow</strong>()</td>
<td>方法返回 xy（x的y次方） 的值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>print</strong>()</td>
<td>方法用于打印输出，最常见的一个函数。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>property()</td>
<td>函数的作用是在新式类中返回属性值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>range</strong>()</td>
<td>函数返回的是一个可迭代对象（类型是对象），而不是列表类型， 所以打印的时候不会打印列表。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>repr()</td>
<td>函数将对象转化为供解释器读取的形式。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>recersed</strong>()</td>
<td>函数返回一个反转的迭代器。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>round</strong>()</td>
<td>方法返回浮点数x的四舍五入值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>set</strong>()</td>
<td>函数创建一个无序不重复元素集，可进行关系测试，删除重复数据，还可以计算交集、差集、并集等。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>setattr()</td>
<td>函数对应函数 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.runoob.com/python/python-func-getattr.html">getattr()</a>，用于设置属性值，该属性不一定是存在的。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>slice()</td>
<td>函数实现切片对象，主要用在切片操作函数里的参数传递。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>sort()</td>
<td>函数对所有可迭代的对象进行排序操作。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>sorted()</td>
<td>sort 与 sorted 区别：sort 是应用在 list 上的方法，sorted 可以对所有可迭代的对象进行排序操作。list 的 sort 方法返回的是对已经存在的列表进行操作，而内建函数 sorted 方法返回的是一个新的 list，而不是在原来的基础上进行的操作。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>staticmethod()</td>
<td>返回函数的静态方法。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>str</strong>()</td>
<td>函数将对象转化为适于人阅读的形式。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>sum</strong>()</td>
<td>方法对系列进行求和计算。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>super</strong>()</td>
<td>函数是用于调用父类(超类)的一个方法。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>tuple</strong>()</td>
<td>函数将列表转换为元组。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>type</strong>()</td>
<td>函数如果你只有第一个参数则返回对象的类型，三个参数返回新的类型对象。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>vars</strong>()</td>
<td>函数返回对象object的属性和属性值的字典对象。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>zip</strong>()</td>
<td>函数用于将可迭代的对象作为参数，将对象中对应的元素打包成一个个元组，然后返回由这些元组组成的对象，这样做的好处是节约了不少的内存。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>__import()__</td>
<td>函数用于动态加载类和函数 。</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul>
<li>里面包含了类型转换，输入输出和格式控制函数</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="数据类型转换"><a href="#数据类型转换" class="headerlink" title="数据类型转换"></a>数据类型转换</h6><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>函数</th>
<th>描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>int(x [,base])</td>
<td>将x转换为一个整数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>long(x [,base] )</td>
<td>将x转换为一个长整数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>float(x)</td>
<td>将x转换到一个浮点数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>str(x)</td>
<td>将对象 x 转换为字符串</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>complex(real [,imag])</td>
<td>创建一个复数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>eval(str)</td>
<td>用来计算在字符串中的有效Python表达式,并返回一个对象</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>repr(x)</td>
<td>将对象 x 转换为表达式字符串</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>tuple(s)</td>
<td>将序列 s 转换为一个元组</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>list(s)</td>
<td>将序列 s 转换为一个列表</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>set(s)</td>
<td>转换为可变集合</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>dict(d)</td>
<td>创建一个字典。d 必须是一个序列 (key,value)元组。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>frozenset(s)</td>
<td>转换为不可变集合</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>chr(x)</td>
<td>将一个整数转换为一个字符</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>unichr(x)</td>
<td>将一个整数转换为Unicode字符</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ord(x)</td>
<td>将一个字符转换为它的整数值</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>hex(x)</td>
<td>将一个整数转换为一个十六进制字符串</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>oct(x)</td>
<td>将一个整数转换为一个八进制字符串</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<blockquote>
<p>参考博客：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/xnnx/p/11295195.html">https://www.cnblogs.com/xnnx/p/11295195.html</a></p>
<p>官方文档：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3.8/library/functions.html">https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3.8/library/functions.html</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="七、变量赋值"><a href="#七、变量赋值" class="headerlink" title="七、变量赋值"></a>七、变量赋值</h4><blockquote>
<p>创建变量就意味着会在内存中开辟空间，同时变量必须赋值才会被创建。</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>单变量赋值：</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">counter = 100#赋值整型变量

miles = 1000.0#浮点型

name = "John"#字符串<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>多变量赋值：</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">a = b = c= 1 #三个变量的值都为1

a, b, c =1, 2, "john" #分别为三个变量赋值

age = 18,name="小明" #逗号分开<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>删除变量</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">del   变量名称<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span></span></code></pre>

                
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